Matter will be created from light within a year, claim scientists
弧评：依据于爱因斯坦的E=mc 2，质能转换实验是现代物理学研究的中的一个热点。
尽管作为一切物质基素的电子态皆来源于能（光子是人类唯一可以感知到的能量形态），但电子态距离其形成物质粒子还是有一个另外的过程的。现代观点认为，电子是组成物质元素最外层的常见微观粒子，然而，一个根本性的认识区分在于：电子不是物质。换言之，就是说产生出了电子不能等同于创造出了物质。
为什么？
因为物质形态是一种能量的自然构建，是能与能相互转化的自然方式。没有能之间的相互转化，就没有物质存在。进一步地讲，物质存在反映着能阶（能量差）状态。能阶越大，其对应的物质组团也就越大。非人工干预的自然条件下，物质构建的基本存在状态是物质元素，诸如氢、氦、锂等等。由于自然能阶是序性连续的，其最小单位是电子态，所以，原子序列可以通过各元素之间电子数目的不同而加以排列和序化规范。最典型的就是门捷列夫元素周期表。
而电子在这种能与能之间的相互转化过程中，起着”传递使者“的作用。它是一种能量的”混合态“，是能量的一种特定性中间状态，非A非B。电子的消长，表达了物质内部时空性质的度规。形象地看，电子是物质构建中的“针线”或‘'灰浆"。
决定物质产生的是能阶（能差）并非电子态。电子态可以看作是维持物质“续存”的粘合剂。它在不同的能等层面之间（即能阶），起着在两极间来回传递着能量的作用。能阶一旦消失或被破坏，电子态也即随之消失。
利用不同能等的光子相互碰撞，只要满足弧学倍率原则，一定可以产生出人造电子态，但绝非天然物质态。两个光子之间，依据弧学倍率原则。相互弧合，形成适当的能阶，且保持能源供给的一定的持续性，就可以检验出它们两者兼得交换粒子——电子。鉴于光子、电子的相互转化在自然条件下几乎是万向的，所以，实验前提就需要设置出一个“密闭”的弧耦合环境，以促使能阶并具备相对稳定性，借此才有望观测到处于光极之间的次生电子态。
电子特性，在任意人造或天然的单独弧合系统之内或其连续序列体系中是完全相同的（同一性特征）。比较非连续性弧合序列之间的电子特性时，除了各自动能状态有差别外，其余特性也相同（统一性特征）。
质能互换的本质仍旧是能—能之间的互换。质是能的混差性结构态。电子是来自不同能等级别时，能—能交换中的能量混合同化态。
文献来源：Matter will be created from light within a year, claim scientists
http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/may/18/matter-light-photons-electrons-positrons
In a neat demonstration of E=mc 2, physicists believe they can create electrons and positrons from colliding photons.
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In theory light and matter are interchangeable, but a practical demonstration was thought to be impossible.
Photograph: Lawrence Manning/Corbis
Ian Sample, science correspondent@iansample
Sunday 18 May 2014 13.00 EDTLast modified on Friday 20 June 201421.30 EDT This article is 1 year oldShares85,414
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Researchers have worked out how to make matter from pure light and are drawing up plans to demonstrate the feat within the next 12 months.The theory underpinning the idea was first described 80 years ago by two physicists who later worked on the first atomic bomb. At the time they considered the conversion of light into matter impossible in a laboratory.
But in a report published on Sunday, physicists at Imperial College London claim to have cracked the problem using high-powered lasers and other equipment now available to scientists.
"We have shown in principle how you can make matter from light," said Steven Rose at Imperial. "If you do this experiment, you will be taking light and turning it into matter."
The scientists are not on the verge of a machine that can create everyday objects from a sudden blast of laser energy. The kind of matter they aim to make comes in the form of subatomic particles invisible to the naked eye.
The original idea was written down by two US physicists, Gregory Breit and John Wheeler, in 1934. They worked out that – very rarely – two particles of light, or photons, could combine to produce an electron and its antimatter equivalent, a positron. Electrons are particles of matter that form the outer shells of atoms in the everyday objects around us.
But Breit and Wheeler had no expectations that their theory would be proved any time soon. In their study, the physicists noted that the process was so rare and hard to produce that it would be "hopeless to try to observe the pair formation in laboratory experiments".
Oliver Pike, the lead researcher on the study, said the process was one of the most elegant demonstrations of Einstein's famous relationship that shows matter and energy are interchangeable currencies. "The Breit-Wheeler process is the simplest way matter can be made from light and one of the purest demonstrations of E=mc2," he said.
The scientists' calculations show that the setup squeezes enough particles of light with high enough energies into a small enough volume to create around 100,000 electron-positron pairs.riting in the journal Nature Photonics, the scientists describe how they could turn light into matter through a number of separate steps. The first step fires electrons at a slab of gold to produce a beam of high-energy photons. Next, they fire a high-energy laser into a tiny gold capsule called a hohlraum, from the German for "empty room". This produces light as bright as that emitted from stars. In the final stage, they send the first beam of photons into the hohlraum where the two streams of photons collide.
The process is one of the most spectacular predictions of a theory called quantum electrodynamics (QED) that was developed in the run up to the second world war. "You might call it the most dramatic consequence of QED and it clearly shows that light and matter are interchangeable," Rose told the Guardian.
The scientists hope to demonstrate the process in the next 12 months. There are a number of sites around the world that have the technology. One is the huge Omega laser in Rochester, New York. But another is the Orion laser at Aldermaston, the atomic weapons facility in Berkshire.
A successful demonstration will encourage physicists who have been eyeing the prospect of a photon-photon collider as a tool to study how subatomic particles behave. "Such a collider could be used to study fundamental physics with a very clean experimental setup: pure light goes in, matter comes out. The experiment would be the first demonstration of this," Pike said.
Andrei Seryi, director of the John Adams Institute at Oxford University, said: "It's breathtaking to think that things we thought are not connected, can in fact be converted to each other: matter and energy, particles and light. Would we be able in the future to convert energy into time and vice versa?"
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